Chemistry โ Class 11
Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
7 marksSome Basic Concepts of Chemistry
General introduction: importance of studying chemistry, historical approach to particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory, concept of elements, atoms and molecules. Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.
Unit II: Structure of Atom
9 marksStructure of Atom
Discovery of electron, proton and neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thomson's model and its limitations, Rutherford's model and its limitations. Bohr's model and its limitations. Concept of shells and sub-shells. Dual nature of matter and light, de-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d-orbitals. Rules for filling electrons in orbitals: Aufbau's principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule. Electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
6 marksClassification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table. Modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements: atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency.
Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
7 marksChemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d-orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear molecules (qualitative idea only), hydrogen bonding.
Unit V: Thermodynamics
9 marksThermodynamics
Concepts of system, types of systems, surrounding, work, heat; energy, intensive and extensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics, internal energy, enthalpy, heat capacity, specific heat, molar heat capacity, measurement of ฮE and ฮH, Hess law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization and dilution. Introduction of entropy as a state function, free energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes and criteria for equilibrium.
Unit VI: Equilibrium
7 marksEquilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium: Le-Chatelier's principle; ionic equilibrium โ ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, concept of pH. Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions, solubility product, common ion effect (with suitable examples).
Unit VII: Redox Reactions
4 marksRedox Reactions
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing of chemical equations in redox reactions, applications of redox reactions.
Unit VIII: Organic Chemistry โ Some Basic Principles and Techniques
11 marksOrganic Chemistry โ Some Basic Principles and Techniques
General introduction to organic chemistry, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper-conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond, free radicals, electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations and carbanions. Types of organic reactions.
Unit IX: Hydrocarbons
10 marksAlkanes
Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), methods of preparation, physical properties. Chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
Alkenes
Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, methods of preparation, physical properties. Chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes
Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation. Chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties, mechanism of electrophilic substitution: nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.