Biology — Class 12
Section A: Botany
35 marksUnit-I: Reproduction in Flowering Plants
7 marksSexual Reproduction
Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination - types, agencies and examples; Out breeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interactions; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events - Development of Endosperm, embryo; Development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.
Unit-II: Genetics
9 marksHeredity and Variation
Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism: Incomplete Dominance; Co-dominance; Multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups; Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosomal theory of Inheritance; Chromosomes and genes.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; Protein Biosynthesis: Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation - lac Operon.
Unit-III: Biology and Human Welfare
7 marksTissue Culture
Cellular totipotency, technique and application of tissue culture.
Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation (Biogas) and microbes as bio-control agents, Biopesticides and Bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.
Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture
Genetically Modified organisms - BT crops; Biopiracy and patents.
Unit-IV: Ecology and Environment
12 marksPopulations
Population attributes and Population growth; Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
Ecosystems
Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; Ecological pyramids: Pyramids of number, biomass and energy.
Biodiversity and its Conservation
Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book; Biosphere reserves, National parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.
Section B: Zoology
35 marksUnit-I: Reproduction in Animals
11 marksHuman Reproduction
Male and Female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis); menstrual cycle. Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation. Elementary idea of Parturition and Lactation.
Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), Birth control - need and methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
Unit-II: Genetics and Evolution
12 marksGenetics
Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bee; Linkage and Crossing over. Sex linked inheritance: Haemophilia and colour blindness. Mendelian disorders in humans – Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans: Down's syndrome, Turner's syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome. Genome and Human genome project; DNA fingerprinting.
Evolution
Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution; Darwin's contribution, Modern synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution - Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; Human evolution.
Unit-III: Biology in Human Welfare
7 marksHealth and Disease
Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Hepatitis, Malaria, Dengue, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, Amoebiasis, Ring worm) and their control; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence: drug and alcohol abuse.
Unit-IV: Biotechnology and its Applications
5 marksBiotechnology: Principles and Processes
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).
Application of Biotechnology in Health
Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy. Transgenic Animals. Bio-safety issues.