Chemistry — Class 12
Unit I: Solutions
7 marksSolutions
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Raoult's law, colligative properties: relative lowering of vapor pressure of a solution, elevation of boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties. Abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor and calculations involving it.
Unit II: Electrochemistry
9 marksElectrochemistry
Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific conductivity, molar conductivity, variation of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's law and its applications. Electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, emf of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.
Unit III: Chemical Kinetics
7 marksChemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction (average and instantaneous rate of a reaction), factors affecting rate of reactions: (concentration, temperature, catalyst), rate law, specific rate constant and order, molecularity of a reaction, integrated rate expression of zero and first order reactions and their derivations, half-life period. Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical derivation), Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.
Unit IV: d and f Block Elements
7 marksd and f Block Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of the transition metals, general trends in properties of first row transition metals (metallic character, IE, electrode potential, oxidation state, ionic radii, catalytic properties, colored ions, complex formation, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation). Preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄.
Lanthanides and Actinides
Lanthanides: Electronic configuration, oxidation state, chemical reactivity and lanthanide contraction and its consequences. Actinides: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanides.
Unit V: Co-ordination Compounds
7 marksCo-ordination Compounds
Co-ordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, co-ordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds. Bonding (Werner's theory, VBT and CFT), structural and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems).
Unit VI: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
6 marksHaloalkanes
Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical & chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Stability of carbocations, R-S and D-L configurations.
Haloarenes
Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogens in mono substituted compounds only), Uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freon, and DDT.
Unit VII: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
6 marksAlcohols
Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary & tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration of alcohols. Uses, some important compounds - methanol and ethanol.
Phenols
Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers
Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties and uses.
Unit VIII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
8 marksAldehydes and Ketones
Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties & mechanism of nucleophilic addition reaction to C=O group, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.
Carboxylic Acids
Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties and uses.
Unit IX: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
6 marksAmines
Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary & tertiary amines.
Cyanides and Isocyanides
Structures of cyanide and isocyanide groups, nomenclature, preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
Diazonium Salts
Preparation and chemical reactions (mechanism of diazotization), and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit X: Biomolecules
7 marksCarbohydrates
Classification (aldoses and ketoses) mono saccharides: Glucose, fructose: structure, preparation and chemical reactions, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose & maltose) Polysaccharides: (starch cellulose and glycogen); importance.
Proteins
Elementary idea of amino acids: peptide bond, polypeptides and primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins (Qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes, lipids & hormones, their classification & functions.
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA (purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides and fragments up to four nucleotides).
Vitamins
Classification and functions, sources and deficiency diseases.